These innovations, encompassing solid-state batteries, flow batteries, supercapacitors, and even mechanical solutions like compressed air energy storage (CAES) and thermal energy storage, offer diverse pathways to overcome the constraints of lithium-ion. . What is a forced energy storage device? A forced energy storage device refers to a system designed to capture and retain energy through external influences or stimuli, primarily leveraging mechanical, electrical, or thermal methodologies. The distinguished contributors discuss the foundational principles, common materials, construction. . Battery storage in the power sector was the fastest growing energy technology commercially available in 2023 according to the IEA. To help understand the diverse approaches currently being deployed around the world, we. .