An open system is one that permits mass and energy to enter and exit, while a closed system allows only energy to cross its boundaries. . A closed system is a system that does not interact with its environment, meaning that no matter or energy can enter or leave the system. It operates independently and is self-contained. However, some systems are viewed as open. The obtained experimental results are to validate the effectiveness of each tracker. Index Terms—Solar photovoltaic system. .
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